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![]() ![]() Here, we briefly review the structural components relevant for gas exchange. Surfactant (surface active agent) is the secretory product of type II alveolar epithelial cells and covers the alveolar epithelium as a biophysically active thin and continuous film. The connective tissue fibers form a continuous tensegrity (tension + integrity) backbone consisting of axial, peripheral and septal fibers. The mechanical stability of the parenchyma is ensured by two components: a connective tissue fiber network and the surfactant system. Alveoli must be protected from over-distension as well as from collapse by inherent stabilizing factors. By virtue of its respiratory movements, the lung has to withstand mechanical challenges throughout life. The barrier between air and blood consists of a continuous alveolar epithelium (a mosaic of type I and type II alveolar epithelial cells), a continuous capillary endothelium and the connective tissue layer in-between. Blood flows in a capillary network embedded in inter-alveolar septa. Air reaches the alveolar lumen via a conducting airway tree. It takes place in the alveolar region (parenchyma) where air and blood are brought in close proximity over a large surface. The mammalian lung´s structural design is optimized to serve its main function: gas exchange. ![]()
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